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- Effects of overloading: higher take-off and safety speeds, longer take-off and landing distances, lower rate-of-climb, influence on range and endurance (Helicopter), decreased engine-out performance, possible structural damage in extreme cases
c) Centre of Gravity (cg)
- basic of cg calculations (load and balance documentation)
- Datum – explanation of term, location, use in cg calculation
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Moment arm – explanation of term, determination of algebraic signs, use
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Moment – explanation, moment = mass x moment arm
- Expression of distance from Datumline
- Calculation of cg (Helicopter); Calculation of cg longitudinal and lateral (including computer calculations) (Helicopter)
-Cg at empty mass
-determined when helicopter is weighed;
- recorded in helicopter documentation cg at Dry Operating Mass
-movement of cg with addition of fuel, load and Ballast
-practical methods of calculation
- computation method using either mathematical computations or specially designed slide rule
- graph method
- table method
- intentional relocation of passengers or cargo re remain within cg limits
3. Performance – Helicopters
a) Airworthiness – Requirements
-definitions of terms and speeds used in CARs
b) Definition of Terms
-masses
-velocities: VLE, VLO, VX, VY, Vtoss: (1) VNE ANO Vmini
-velocity of best range and maximum endurance
-power limitations AEO OEI
-altitudes
-performance class 1, 2, 3 operations
(see ICAO Annex 6 Part III and CARs)
c) Take-off – Cruise – Landing Performance
- Use and interpretation of diagrams and tables associated with CAT A, CAT B, procedures in order to select and develop class 1, 2, 3 performance profiles according to available heliport size and location (surface or elevated)
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