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- transfer of heat : solar and terrestrial radiation, conduction, convection, advection and turbulence
- lapse rate, stability and instability
- development of inversions, types of inversions
- temperature near the earth’s surface, surface effects, diurnal
-variation, effect of clouds, effect of wind
j) Atmospheric pressure
-barometric pressure, isobars
-pressure variation with height, contours (isohypses)
-reduction of pressure to mean sea level, QFF
-surface low/upper-air low, surface high/upper-air high-precipitation
k) Atmospheric density : interrelationship of pressure, temperature and density l) International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) m) Altimetry
-pressure altitude, true altitude
-height, altitude, flight level
-altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa
-calculation of terrain clearance, lowest usable flight level, rule of thumb for temperature and pressure influences
-effect of accelerated airflow due to topography
1.6 Wind
a) Definition and measurement
b) Primary cause of wind
-primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, coriolis force, gradient wind
-relationship between isobars and wind
-effects of convergence and divergence
c) General circulation
-general circulation around the globe
d) Turbulence
-Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence
-origin and location of turbulence
e) Variation of wind with height
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variation of wind in the friction layer
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variation of the wind caused by fronts f) Local winds: Anabatic and katabatic winds, land and sea breezes, Venturi effects
g) Jet Streams
-origin of jet streams
- description and location of jet streams
- names, heights and seasonal occurrence of jet streams
- jet stream recognition
- CAT : cause, location and forecasting
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